Constituents
- GC-FID analysis of kernel oil showed an oil contend of 37.61%  (w/w). The seed oil was rich in unsaturated fatty acids. Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were dominant (38.81%) compared to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (16%). Important acids were palmitic (22.12%), stearic acid (7.51%), oleic acid (25.20%), and linoleic acid (11.65%). (see study below) (5)
- Study of leaves and twigs isolated seven phenolic compounds: 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (1), 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid (2), 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3), protocatechulic acid (4), caffeic acid methyl ester (5), quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6) and kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7). (6)

- Study isolated eleven previously undescribed limonoids from the fruits of Heynea trijuga viz. eight structural analogues of trigging (1-8), and three (9-11) melancholic derivatives, together with two known compounds, trichloroethane A and B (12-13) from ripe fruits of T. colonnades. (see study below) (8)
- Study isolated five new melancholic-type limonoids, heytrijunolides A-E (1-5) from branches and leaves of Heynea trijuga. (see study below) (9)
- Study of leaves isolated a new ergostane derivative, 3β, 4β, 20S-trihydroxyergosta-5, 24(28)-dien-16-one (1), together with five known steroids (3β, 23S)-ergosta-5, 24(28)-diene-3, 23-diol (2), ergosta-5, 24(28)-diene-3β-diol (3), stigmast-5-ene-3β, 7α-diol (4), sitoindoside I (5) and stigmast-3β, 5α, 6β-triol   (6).  (see study below) (10)
- Study of stem and bark of Trichilia connaroides isolated eight new nortriterpenoids (1-8), along with fifteen known compounds (9-23). (see study below) (14)
- GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate extracts of Trichilia connaroides revealed the presence of over 45 compounds of which 22.06, 97.24, 46.42, and 58.27% of total volatiles from the extract were identified from leaves, bark, root, and pericarps, respectively. Bark was rich in sesquiterpenoids. Major constituents of the total volatiles were capaene (24.71%), azulene (17.47%), α-cubebene ( 14.98%), ß-cadinene (12.58%), α-bergamotene (4.96%) and ylangene (5.50%). (see study below) (17)

Properties
- Seeds reported as poisonous. (No studies found to seed toxicity.)
- Bark and leaves are bitter; considered tonic.
- Studies have reproductive modulating, cytotoxicity, anticancer, insecticidal and growth regulating, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-malarial properties.

Parts used
Leaves, bark, fruits, stem, roots.

Uses
Edibility
- No report on edibility, except for dried fruits and tender branches used as aphrodisiac. (18) (19)
Folkloric
- In India, decoction of leaves used for treating cholera. In Nepal, bark used as tonic. Fruits and stem bark juice used to treating stomach ailments. In Chinese traditional medicine, roots used for treating pharyngitis, arthritis, tonsillitis.  (4)
- Fruits are chewed to treat tooth problems.
- In Nepal, paste made from fruits applied to dermatological allergies on the head. (11) Ground seeds applied to scabies. (15)
- In Myanmar, bark and leaves used as tonic. Decoction of leaves used for cholera. (16)
- In India, the tribes of north coastal Andhra Pradesh use dried fruits as aphrodisiac: Two or 3 dried fruits are eaten daily once for 2 months. (18) Tender branches also reported for aphrodisiac use by the Gadabas, a primitive tribe of the Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh.  (19)
Others
- Veterinary: The Adi tribe of Arunachal Pradesh uses the plant as abortive agent, especially for domesticated animals like pig and dogs. Crude bark powder is feed to domestic animals (swine) to control population size of livestock. (4)
- Seed oil: Used for illumination.
- Wood: Used for general interior carpentry.
- Others: Stems used for brushing teeth.

Studies
• Effect on Early Gestation / Ovarian Steroid Receptor Modulation / Bark: Study evaluated the effect of crude bark extract of H. trijuga on reproductive tissues in albino rats and mice . Group treated with oral bark extract showed pronounced changes in histoarchitecture of ovary and uterus. Ovaries of treated cyclic females showed degeneration of follicles at various stages and corpus luteum. Uterus showed thinning and detachment of the luminal epithelium from underlying stroma which fails to develop endometrial glands. The extract exerted effects on the embryo, hindering its growth and successful implantation. Results showed the extract may possess compounds that may act as ovarian steroid receptor modulator in reproductive tissues of rodents. (4)
• Fatty Acids in Kernel Oil: GC-FID study analyzed the kernel oil for fatty acid compositions. Important acids were palmitic (22.12%), stearic acid (7.51%), oleic acid (25.20%), and linoleic acid (11.65%). Linoleic acid is the most frequently used fatty acid in cosmetic products, with anti-inflammatory, skin moisturizing, photoprotective and healing properties. Oleic acid is an effective percutaneous absorption enhancer. Linoleic, lauric, myristic, and stearic acids also have skin permeation enhancement effects. These constituents in good percentage potentiates the wide use of the seed oil for cosmetic purposes. (see constituents above) (5)
• Antihyrperhomocysteinemic / Antihyperlipidemic / Leaves: Excessive methionine intake can lead to hyperhomocysteinemia, which is an independent risk for cardiovascular event and risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, renal dysfunction and neuronal diseases. Study evaluated the antihyper-homocyteinemic and antihyperlipidemic effect of chloroform and methanol extracts of leaves of Trichilia connaroides in methionine-induced hyperhomocysteinemic rats induced in albino Wistar rats by oral L-methionine (1gm/kg) and treated simultaneously with leaves extracts (100 mg/kg). Extract treated animals significantly (p<0.01) lowered serum homocysteine, lipid profile (except for increase in HDL), LPO (p<0.01) compared to hyperhomocysteinemic animals. Results showed significant antihyperhomocysteinemic and antihyperlipidemic effects and potential as a cardioprotective herb. (7)
• Potential against Multidrug Resistance in MCF-7/DOX cells / Antitumor Drugs / Fruits: Study isolated eleven previously undescribed limonoids from the fruits of Heynea trijuga. Selected compounds were evaluated for reversal of multidrug resistance in MCF-7/DOX cells in vitro. Trichisin H (8), trichiconnarone A (12) and (13) limonoids were effective in reversing resistance in MCF-7/DOX cells at a non-toxic concentration of 50 µM with IC50s of12.45, 10.86. and 14.96 µM. (see constituents above) (8)
• Mexicanolide-type Limonoids / Cytotoxicity / Branches and Leaves: Study isolated five new mexicanolide-type limonoids, heytrijunolides A-E (1-5) from branches and leaves of Heynea trijuga. Compound 3 showed weak cytotoxicity against HL-60, SMMC-7721, and A-549 human tumor cell lines with IC50a of 21.88, 20.66, and 12.70 µM, respectively. (9)
• Ergostane Derivative / Tested for Cytotoxicity against Tumor Cell Line / Leaves: Study of leaves isolated a new ergostane derivative, 3β, 4β, 20S-trihydroxyergosta-5, 24(28)-dien-16-one (1), together with five known steroids. All compounds were evaluated for cytotoxicity against tumor cell line BEL-7402 by MTT method. (see constituents above) (10)
• Insecticidal / Growth Regulator / Fruit Pericarp: Study evaluated the pesticidal and insect growth regulator (IGR) activity of extracts of fruit pericarp against Spilarctia obliqua under laboratory conditions. Three generations of castor leaves treated with hexane and acetone extracts (1-10%) were fed to 3rd instar larvae. Growth and development of insects were significantly affected in a dose dependent manner. Larval duration, larval mortality, prepupal mortality, and pupal duration increased in increased in concentration, while larval weight, adult emergence, fecundity and egg fertility decreased. The acetone extract showed better growth regulating activity. (12)
• Analgesic / Anti-Inflammatory / Bark: Study evaluated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Trichilia connaroides bark. The ethanolic bark extract showed significant analgesic activity in both hot plate and acetic acid induced writhing models in mice, with increased reaction time in the former and decreased writhings in the latter. Extract showed anti-inflammatory activity in both Formalin induced paw edema model and croton oil ear edema model. In acute toxicity study, the ethanolic extracts were shown to be safe up to 2000 mg/kbw. (13)
• Nitric Oxide Inhibitory / α-Glucosidase Inhibitory / Stem and Bark: Study of stem and bark of Trichilia connaroides isolated eight new nortriterpenoids (1-8), along with fifteen known compounds (9-23). Compounds 5, 6, and 11-15, showed moderate to strong nitric oxide inhibitory activities with IC50s ranging from 7.5 to 26.3 µM. Compounds 22 and 23 showed marked α-glucosidase inhibitory effects with IC50s of 2.3 and 0.4 µM, respectively. (14)
• Antimalarial / Plasmodium falciparum / Volatile Oil / Leaves, Bark, Root, Pericarp: GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate extracts of Trichilia connaroides revealed the presence of over 45 compounds of which 22.06, 97.24, 46.42, and 58.27% of total volatiles from the extract were identified from leaves, bark, root, and pericarps, respectively. All the extracts showed anti-plasmodium activity against K1 strain of Plasmodium falciparum isolates. The dichoromethane extract showed relatively high activity. (see constituents above) (17)

Availability
Wild-crafted.